A
personage of the “The merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare says: “The devil
could quote the Holy Scripture for his purposes “.
In few words, the great genius
of the English dramatist succeeds in expressing the real nature of quotations,
that is the possibility to use them even in contexts and situations that
are their opposite. As precisely the devil does with the Holy Scripture.
I
would like to talk about the great consumption of quotations newspapers
and television talk show do. Let's start with a curiosity: which are,
in Italy, the most quoted authors? According to an early dictionary,
Dante Alighieri leads the list with 98 quotations.
Following in the order Seneca
(79), Leopardi (73), Goethe (69), Shakespeare (48), Horace (43), La
Rochefoucauld (42), Aristotle together with Cicero, (39), Cervantes
(38), Machiavelli (35), Alessandro Manzoni (34), Karl Kraus (32)...
Comparing a phrase of the
German philosopher Walter Benjamin and one of the English biographer
Thomas Pearson, it is proved how much sundry and contradictory is the
attitude toward this learned prop of our writing and speech.
For Benjamin, quotations
are “ like bandits at the edges of a route, that jump out armed and
extract the consent of the idler wayfarer “. According to Pearson, “a
man having read a lot never quotes exactly “.
But
it is dutiful, this point, to express some preferences. I like a lot
this one-liner, real and paradoxical at the same time, of the English
novelist E. M. Forster that in “Howard's end” writes: “The Beethoven
Fifth Sym phony is the most sublime noise human hearing has ever heard”.
And I like a lot and at the
same time it troubles me the assertion by Jean Paul Sartre, the leader
of the existentialism movement according to which : “We are condemned
to be free “.
Nevertheless the quotation
I prefer is : “Love is the infinitive within the reach of poodles”.
On my opinion is a stroke of genius. You may find it at the beginning
of that twentieth century masterpiece that is the novel “Voyage au bout
de la nuit” by Louis-Ferdinand Céline.
Every now and then it sounds
the alarm. Till we are on time, let's try to save the Italian language.
Too much “foreign infiltration “, too much spreading use of Anglicism.
But before going full tilt
against, let's think about a danger: The risk, as it has been stated
by a linguist, “of exaggerations as during the fascism, risking falling
in a ridiculous purism “.
If
it keeps incontrovertible that bureaucracy keeps on committing the grimmer
horrors in damage of our linguistic identity, it is true the same that
our past and today history offers a heinous range of 'Italianizations':
an ugly word this, introducing further ugly things.
There's who does not want
“hobby”, who rejects “foulard” and proposes to replace it with “neck
handkerchief “ or “head handkerchief “. There's who think to change
“marketing” inventing the neologism “vendistica” (deriving from vendere
= to sell). “Smog” too is under indictment and it is recommended to
replace it with “fubbia”, coming from the contraction of “fumo”
(smog) and “nebbia” (fog), as in English “smog” is the contraction of
“smoke” and “fog”.
There
are foreign words that must be already accepted since they can be deemed
as irreplaceable and it's right that our dictionaries record them.
It's impossible to make a
full list, but I would like to remember besides hobby, foulard, marketing
and smog, already mentioned, also gag, best seller, puzzle, camper,
sexy, spider, revival, identikit, show, sketch, quark, blitz, poster,
hotel, fan. record, pullman, zoom, stress, derby, tunnel, recital...
History teaches us that also
in the eighteenth century it was feared that French would defeated Italian.
But the result was, with
the loan of many Gallicisms, that the Italian became instead richer.
The same is happening with
English. So, if there's a danger of sclerosis hanging over our language,
it is not due to the number of foreign terms accepted, but if ever,
to the impoverishment, the employ of platitudes, the mediocrity of studies,
the always very low reading index.
As regard to the complaints
and the despondence of purists, I entrust, to reply to, the words of
that real genius of knowledge that was the count Giacomo Leopardi.
In his “Zibaldone”, written
between 1817 and 1832, Leopardi left us these thoughts: “Man must be
free and direct in manipulating his language. Freedom in language must
come from the perfect science and not from ignorance “.
And then he goes on saying
that purists “are always suspicious and so stiff that it seems they
walk among eggs “.
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