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Information
regarding diseases, dead and funerals in the Roman world comes to us,
to begin with, from the iconography we can read on temples, tomb walls,
and any other graves goods telling all that, but also by the means of
a series of texts, prose and poetry, handed down to posterity.
This way we know that for a long time there were not at Rome real physicians.
In fact Romans knew the healing properties of many herbs, so that it
was handed down from mother to daughter recipes of decoctions, potions
and mixtures, poultices to cure fever, salves and ointments home made,
cough mixtures and others.
And it is also known that to cure diseases they used several kinds of
amulets, whose magic virtues they entrust really a lot.
When then dead came, the most enclose relative used to take the spirit
of the dead by kissing him on lips and then he closed his eyes.
Children and poor (you must take into account that the child death rate
was very high) were brought to a common graveyard and buried without
any ceremony, called “funes tacitum”.
Instead the corpse of the rich patricians were greased with balsamic
oils and richly dresses, and than exposed in a funeral chamber.
Then it followed
a full splendour procession of wind instruments musicians, and then
the “praeficae”, that is women paid to accompany the dead
crying, striking their chess, tiring out their hair and crying piercingly.
Than it followed several mimes and dancers, than the cart where the ancestors'
“imagines” were: they were slaves dressing the masks of
the dead's ancestors and they wore their dresses bringing the
insignia of the charges the held in life.
Behind the images of the ancestors, the coffin of the dead carried on
the relatives' or freedmen' backs, then friends and finally the “clientes”.
The burial was along the big access streets to Rome, out of the walls.
Funerary steles, sarcophagi and vases tell about dead.
This way we know that Martial distrusted physicians, as far to make him
write: “Languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me/venisti centum,
Symmache, discipulis/Centum me tetigere manus aquilone gelatae: non
habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo!” (I was sick and quickly you
came, Simmaco, accompanied by a hundred students. A hundred hands, frozen
the winter wind, palpated me,: I did not have fever, Simmaco, now I've
got it!).
And then if you look at the huge mass of funeral material close to you
will notice in the writings and iconography the pain for diseases and
death they felt.
Here it is two funeral inscriptions. The first one: “Meam ne doleas
sortem; moriendum fuit” (Don't pity my luck; I had to die).
The second one: “Hodie mihi, cras tibi” (I today, you tomorrow).
We could add another one: “Vive, ut vivas” (Live the way
you may live again).
The Roman priest, after the funeral and before leaving the tomb,
used to read this greeting set words: “Ave anima candida, terra
tibi levis sit, mollitur cubent ossa tua”.

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