In the human history the first decisive rationalist approach in medicine field (and so in the human body study) has been carried out in the classic Greece, cradle of the modern thought and which has given so much in every knowledge field, from the school performed around the key figure, fascinating and clouded, of the Father of physicians: Hyppocrates of Cos (V century b.C.). And yet, prodromes that had pulsed to a correct protoscientific , to say it that way, setting out of investigation are recognizable already in ancient civilizations as Egypt and Babylonians. On the quiet of the Pyramids it has been founded ancient Egypt texts dated 1500 b.C. nearly (as the papyri of Egypt and the Ebers's one, from the name of the students who edited them) and for the Mesopotamia area it can be mentioned the cuneiform writings dated back to the Assurbanipal reign (668-627 b.C.): it concerns parts, more or less extended, of treatises which already shows as a well funded axiom the relationship between symptomatology and therapy; specially in the Mesopotamia texts it is outlined a proper survey, pointing out a therapy or each pathology, while in the Egyptian papyri it seems to the observer to catch a more empirical approach (all cases are single cases and the able physician is who individuates the causes who had roused the illness and remove them). With the Greece the bevaiour toward illness evolves, it becomes less static: illness has its own development, its own course, the physician must direct the right way to recover. And it is just here that it comes evident, as it can be half seen through the several writings attributed to the 'corpus' of Hyppocrate, the physician ability to intervene in the just moment with the right therapy ( “if it seems opportune to the physician, he must intervene as his acknowledgements suggest him”, it is said through a formula it appears in several passages). Here is it medicine begins to rise to an autonomy science, by a processing that takes it away from the irrational and fantastic world of spell (according to which it is celebrated the strangest rites to propitiate the patient recover, invoking at the sick-bed the most mysterious divinities). So it forms itself through the analysis proper to the Hippocratic school, an articulated division of the different pathologies, which are classified and studied independently one another: this way general physicians were partnered by specialist ones in different sectors. At the basis of the medical philosophy, which is common to the different branches of the sector, there is an gnoseological intuition appearing also in other acknowledge fields: the Cosmo ( and so the biological life too) funds itself on its components's equilibrium; it follows that, if a disease happens, it is because that equilibrium has been broken and it must be restored by the good physician to remove the pathology. Such a theory was applied to the forces of nature by hyper-rationalist philosophers and by atheistic ones as Democritus and Leucippus or, in the more delicate field of the human psychology, by the tragic Euripides, who called 'hybris' (violence) the break of the equilibrium and 'cophresyne' (wisdom) a quite way of life featured by unperturbed feelings.A view of medicine like this, furthermore improved in the IV century b.C. from the Aristotelian school (which in its own investigation intended sound the whole field of knowledge), spread about with the diffusion of the Hellenistic culture (exported all over the ecumene by the Alexander the Great's troupes) and reached the Nile Country too, where it struck root. And since Egypt has always been generous with the modern students giving them precious papyri for millenniums kept in the sandy layers of its ancient villages, here is it that between the mass of recovered texts it appears also a conspicuous number of Greek language medicine writings (drawn up between the II century b.C. and the VII century a.C.), able to supply basis information, sometimes surprising, about the science funded by Hyppocrate. By now there are more than 100 the fragments (sometimes even extended, as the one belonging to the State University of Milan, treating the functioning and the pathologies of the nervous system), which covers the general medicine field, surgery , veterinary and sometimes the prescriptions to acquire medicines too (drawn up sometimes over ceramic sliver, that was cheaper than papyri). It must be curious, and useful for our investigation, to review those writings to infer general concepts and peculiarities the same time. Several are ophthalmology fragments and it does not surprise in a country as Egypt, where eyes were affected by the ruinous effects of the sand reverberation and by the deadly attacks of the motes of the Egyptian Sahara: compresses made of particular vegetables (sometimes with rose petals) were duly prescribed against inflammations and conjunctivitis; it was also diffused types of trachoma or the more dangerous glaucoma, which some cases - as it is attested by the papyri - brought to blindness. We have also anatomy treatises: a papyri belonging to the Karl Reinhold Ianda 's collection keeps part of a manual which describes the male and female reproduction organs: there are accurate description of the bladder, the bladder duct and parts of penis (the glans, the prepuce, the skin, the scrotum and the testes); the same for the female internal reproduction organs, carefully reviewed. Thanks to another text it comes to our knowledge the pessaries and washings, recommended by physicians (and specially by gynaecologists) for private parts , specially subjected to inflammation in a country and during an historical age, when hygiene were a lot disregarded. It results without any doubt charming and tasteful for the modern reader's palate a fragment of the II-I century b.C., founded in Fatum, which illustrates a lips surgery operation (or the angle of the mouth); the physician Galen eases us the comprehension of an alike surgical operation, since he describes it to us (X book, 1002, 9 and followings): 'First you must strip a little the lips skin, then you put together the edges of the lips taking the most firm parts to sew them together” so an intervention, saturated as it was of aesthetic value , introduces us, as an ending act of our analysis, in the special world of diets and beauty compounds, able to better the physical look of the Cleopatra 's subjects: papyri written by this time by dieticians recommend low-fat cheeses, fresh vegetables and season fruits to keep one's figure and right dosed physical movement to keep the muscular elasticity (we remember you the most lucky had a gymnastic teacher, a sort of an ante litteram 'personal trainer'). And to end, let's amuse ourselves reading the remedy against the baldness blemishes , suggested by the umpteenth fragment of papyri (written at the end of the III century d.C. in Magna Ermopolis in Middle-Egypt) : 'how it can be prevent the falling out of hair'. Mix resin with new sourish wine and knead the whole, adding myrrh and more wine: the compound you obtain must be spread on the head before and after every washing. Then it can be spread what remains of the resin with more myrrh and some lavender.”.