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| "Los
toros”, i tori, era la parola magica che riusciva a mobilitare migliaia
di appassionati portandoli nell'arena delle corride a vedere le imprese
di Pepe Hillo, Cagancho, Belmonte, Armillita, Manolete, Arroza e, tra gli
altri, El Cordobés.
Il calcio, un recente arrivo in Spagna e nell'America Latina, ha ridotto il numero di appassionati della corrida, ma, in alcuni Paesi, esiste ancora un sano equilibrio tra i due sport. La corrida si può chiamare sport? In
un certo senso sì, ma, in effetti, è qualcosa di più:
è arte ed illimitata emozione perché esiste pericolo, anche
se scarso, per il torero; la corrida è un rituale che segue regole
estremamente precise e rigorose, la corrida è anche storia che ha
origine nella preistoria quando gli uomini delle caverne dipingevano tori
potenti come quello in cui si era trasformato Zeus per rapire Europa.
Il mito del Minotauro è troppo oscuro, simbolo premonitore ed eccessivamente crudele; la corrida è crudele, ma, in un certo senso, rappresenta una vendetta sulla parte taurina del Minotauro, perché, mentre il toro muore sempre, il torero muore molto raramente, non come a Creta dove la vittima umana veniva sempre uccisa fino al momento in cui Teseo uccise il Minotauro. La sede cambia, perché l'ambiente dove si svolge la corrida è l'opposto di quello cretese, situato nelle viscere della terra: la sede della corrida, la “plaza de toros” è uno spazio aperto pieno di voci e rumori, anche di musica in certi momenti particolari, ben diverso dalle segrete vie del Labirinto, completamente silenzioso fino a quando la sua oscuritànon veniva lacerata dalle grida delle vittime, scelte per appagare il Minotauro, lo sventurato figlio di Minosse. In gioioso contrasto, danzatori piroettano sul toro, in un balletto aggraziato che troviamo elegantemente dipinto a Cnosso. Poiché il toro fa parte integrante della civiltà europea, le lotte con i tori vengono ancora svolte in forma incruenta in Francia e in Portogallo. L'attuale forma persiste in Spagna. Inizialmente, i tori venivano cacciati stando a cavallo, ma, dal XVIII secolo, il torero è a terra e deve incontrare la bestia a piedi. La corrida è crudele, ma, paradossalmente, è piena di gioia, i costumi sono ricamati e scintillano al sole che è parte essenziale dello spettacolo. La folla si accalca, quanta più gente vi è, tanto meglio; visi impazienti si riconoscono, le “botas” (borracce di pelle che contengono vino) compaiono e vengono svuotate. Arriva il presidente col suo seguito e chiede al trombettiere di annunciare la corrida, di solito con qualche stonatura. Il presidente deve essere puntuale, altrimenti verrà insultato più del solito. Qualunque cosa egli faccia verrà criticato, più o meno aspramente, chiunque in una corrida ne sa più del presidente perché la corrida - anche se ritualistica - èassolutamente democratica. I toreri
incedono con un'andatura lenta, gli “Alguaciles” (sceriffi) siedono a cavallo.
La parata, metà militare, metà religiosa, raggiunge l'area
dove il presidente sta appollaiato nel suo gabbiotto, uno degli “alguaciles”
chiede la chiave per aprire l'arena e galoppa nel suo costume nero, che
risale al tempo delle Austrie spagnole, per aprire la porta del recinto
(toril).
|
“Los
Toros”, the bulls, was the magic word that could mobilize thousands of
fans and bring them to the bullfight arena to see the likes of Pepe Hillo,
Cagancho, Belmonte, Armillita, Manolete, Arruza and El Cordobes among others.
Should the bullfight be called a sport? Yes, in a sense it is but it is more than that: it is art, and boundless emotion because there is danger, albeit small, for the bullfighter; the bullfight is a ritual that follows very specific and strict rules, a bullfight is also history that originates in prehistory with men in caves painting bulls as powerful as the one in which Zeus was transformed to kidnap Europe.The Minotaur myth is too dark, foreboding and excessively cruel; the bullfight is cruel but in a sense it is a revenge on the bullish part of the Minotaur.Because the bull is an integral part of the European civilitation, games with bullfights are still held in incruent form in Portugal and France. The current form persists in Spain, first, the bulls were fought from horses, and since the XVIII century on the ground the bullfighter has to meet the beast on foot. The bullfight is cruel but paradoxically it is full of joy, the costumes are embroidered and shine in the sun that essential part of the bullfight. The moltitude is there. The president and his advisers arrive and he asks the trumpeteer, to announce the bullfight which he does usually off tune. The bullfighter walk in with very leisurely steps, “Alguaciles” (Sheriffs), ride horses. The parade, half military, half religious reaches the area where the president is perched high in his box, one of the “alguaciles” asks for the key to open the ring and gallops in his black costume dating to the time of the spanish Austrias to open the door to the bullpen (Toril). The bullfights leave the arena and the spectacle is ready to begin.Expectation, silence interrupted by a big “Ah” as the bull, kept in a semi-dark bullpen, jumps out full of joi. He who used to live free in every sense, encounters walls and shelters from wich the bullfighters examine the bull with critical eyes. The bullfighter leaves the wooden shelter and approaches the bull with his cape; he fans it on the sand and the bull follows it . Confrontations
between man and beast have taken place since prehistoric times. The fight
in the arena in an hommage to those old fights, a remembrance and a propitiatory
sacrifice to please the gods, remainders of our polytheistic nature in
which some gods are very blood-thirsty, because blood is the only liquid
able to quench certain divine thirsts. The first bullfighter is joined
by a second one to start their cape work to show the “diestro” - the dexterous
one, the strenghts and weakness of the animal, to gauge how big is his
head and how powerful his horns. The “diestro” prepares his tactical plan,
so many twists with the cape to the right, so many to the left, careful
with his tendencies (derrotas) during the charge.
The bull runs after the bullfighter, who loses his cape and has to run for dear life, jumping over the barrera (arena wall) while another member of the team fights the bull and still other retrieves the cape. After six or eight minutes of these introductory skirmishes more serious and much more dangerous business starts, when a lonely bullfighter with two “banderillas” (short harpoons) one in each hand, entices the bull to charge. The bullfighter avoids the head of the bull at the last second and plants the two harpoons on the upper part of the base of the bull’s neck. A more daring bullfighter plants another pair but in a new and very dangerous manner. When the bull charges, at the last moment, instead of facing the brute, he turns his back to the bull and plants the “banderillas” over his shoulders. A third pair of banderillas is optional and depends on the time lapsed. Many times the “diestro” is one who plants at least one pair of banderillas on the bull. Blood is shed and more is going to be shed in the next step, “la pica”, the poking of the bull with long lances (picas), the bull’s powerful muscle at the base of the neck has to be damaged to make him drop his head. A
“picador” is an armored horseman with a pike who rides a paltry but well
padded horse into the arena, the horse is blindfolded but he smells the
blood and feels the strange surroundings and is not interested in proceeding
any further.
The horse very reluctantly goes toward the bull who is being kept busy by the bullfighters. One of them leads the bull, with his tricky cape work, to the “Picador” who, whenever possible, hits the bull with his pike in the base of the neck. The lance has a stopper to keep it from penetrating more than 3 inches and hurting the bull irremediably. After two or three picas, the horses return to their stalls in the bowels of the plaza in a more or less reasonable condition. Each of the three stages has been announced by a peremptory sound of a trumpet ordered by the supreme lord of the bullfight, the president, whose authority can be criticized but is unassailable; at the last stage the blast of the trumpet sounds ominous perhaps because we know what is to follow. Now the cape is short (“muleta”) and very red, brighter than arterial blood. The “diestro” arrives with his hat in hand and throws it to the person to whom he dedicates the bull, as during the jousts in the Middle Ages. If the bullfighter wants to dedicate the bull to the public, he carefully places the hat on the ground after making a circular motion that encompassed everybody in the “plaza”. A 10 or 12-piece band that barely knows how to stay in tune plays pasodobles when a good “faena” (cape work) is made. The “diestro” begins his capework, enticing the bull to charge him, showing him the cape and making him follow it as closely or distantly as the bullfighter choses. Screams are heard when a fleeting moment of carelessness on the part of the bullfighter leads to him being more or less seriously wounded; the “faena” continues if the damage is light or does not extended beyond the fright (no small matter when the close contact is with a five or seven tons beast). Some daring bullfighters touch the bull’s horn or kneel in front of the animal but the bulls, wiser than they, most of the time do not pay them much attention. When the bullfighter notices that the bull starts to tire he decides moment of truth has arrived and removes from the folds of the cape the sword (estoque), hidden until the end. The bull lowers his head, he is so fatigued that he does not charge the bullfighter who on the tip of his toes jumps over the bull and, with all his might, pushes the sword into the base of the neck trying to sever the thoracic aorta. If this occurs it will kill the bull instantly, most of the time it does not and the bull, mortally wounded, walks with death in his hearth (or at least close to it) toward the bullpen, following his instinct to seek shelter in that semidark place from where he went to meet his untimely death (he can not be more than 7 years old). The bull bends his forelegs and rolls over, the area is covered with his blood. The audience applauds, people stand up if the president considers that the “faena” deserves it, he will order the band to play a vibrant pasodoble. Half of the time the bull is not seriously wounded and the “diestro” has to hit him again with his sword, if this fails after three or four attempts the bull is dispatched with a short dagger (puntilla) that hits the spinal bulb and kills instantly. The musicians with more enthusiasm than technique blare away. The audience clamours for an ear, the president waves his handkerchief the audience applauds.On occasion, the president awards two ears, and if the faena was really exceptional the tail of the bull and very rarely, a leg. If bull’s appendages are given, the bullfighter is entitled to “vuelta al ruedo” (walk around the arena) to the sound of music. Hats, cigars, flowers, gloves, and shoes are thrown to the bull-fighter who sends them back, the people applaud, the sun shines and the gods accept the sacrifice. Real endurance is shown by the audience and the participants when it rains. In Ambato, on the 3rd day of the fiesta it poured, everybody got soaked down to their underwear, yet no one budged from the wet stone seats. Since last year the first four days in February are dedicated to the “fiesta de toros” in Ambato in conjuction with a fair of flowers and fruits. The wish to become a full-fledged “torero” (bull fighter) is very powerful, the “novillero” has more enthusiasm, sharper reflexes and above all that wish to become a consecrated “Matador”. |
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